Charmonium in lattice QCD and the non-relativistic quark-model

We compare the results of a numerical lattice QCD calculation of the charmonium spectrum with the structure of a general non-relativistic potential model. To achieve this we form the non-relativistic reduction of derivative-based fermion bilinear interpolating fields used in lattice QCD calculations and compute their overlap with c-cbar meson states at rest constructed in the non-relativistic quark model, providing a bound-state model interpretation for the lattice data. Essential gluonic components in the bound-states, usually called hybrids, are identified by considering interpolating fields that involve the gluonic field-strength tensor and which have zero overlap onto simple c-cbar model states

Introduction

Since the 1990s, Albania has aimed to introduce democratic values into its legislation. This process can come to fruition only by the recognition and protection of private property. As a result, a new Civil Code was enacted at the beginning of the 1990s through intensive collaboration between Albanian and foreign scholars. Book II of the Albanian Civil Code of 1994 highlights the importance of private property. This book fills the gap in the national and international scientific literature since there is no scientific contribution written in English that examines the development of the Albanian law of property showing the similarities and differences between the Albanian and the Italian civil codes. Another novelty rests on its identification of the rules of the Albanian Civil Codes of 1929 and of 1982 that regulate the various legal institutional parts of the property law. Furthermore, this research summarizes the EU impact on Albanian property law by examining the differences between the legal institutions established at the supranational level such as Dir. 2014/60/EU, Dir. 2008/122/EC, Dir. 1346/2000/EC, and Reg. 2015/848 with the current Albanian system. In the conclusions, this research demonstrates that the Albanian law of property of 1994 is similar, sometimes identical, to the rules established in the Italian Civil Code of 1942

Neutrino Signatures From Young Neutron Stars

After a successful core collapse supernova (CCSN) explosion, a hot dense proto-neutron star (PNS) is left as a remnant. Over a time of 20 or so seconds, this PNS emits the majority of the neutrinos that come from the CCSN, contracts, and loses most of its lepton number. This is the process by which all neutron stars in our galaxy are likely born. The emitted neutrinos were detected from supernova (SN) 1987A, and they will be detected in much greater numbers from any future galactic CCSN. These detections can provide a direct window into the properties of the dense matter encountered inside neutron stars, and they can affect nucleosynthesis in the material ejected during the CCSN. In this chapter, we review the basic physics of PNS cooling, including the basic equations of PNS structure and neutrino diffusion in dense matter. We then discuss how the nuclear equation of state, neutrino opacities in dense matter, and convection can shape the temporal behavior of the neutrino signal. We also discuss what was learned from the late-time SN 1987A neutrinos, the prospects for detection of these neutrinos from future galactic CCSNe, and the effects these neutrinos can have on nucleosynthesis

Entanglement and correlations in fast collective neutrino flavor oscillations

Collective neutrino oscillations play a crucial role in transporting lepton flavor in astrophysical settings like supernovae and neutron star binary merger remnants, which are characterized by large neutrino densities. In these settings, simulations in the mean-field approximation show that neutrino-neutrino interactions can overtake vacuum oscillations and give rise to fast collective flavor evolution on time-scales $t\propto\mu^{-1}$, with $\mu$ proportional to the local neutrino density. In this work, we study the full out-of-equilibrium flavor dynamics in simple multi-angle geometries displaying fast oscillations in the mean field linear stability analysis. Focusing on simple initial conditions, we analyze the production of pair correlations and entanglement in the complete many-body-dynamics as a function of the number $N$ of neutrinos in the system, for up to thousands of neutrinos. Similarly to simpler geometries with only two neutrino beams, we identify three regimes: stable configurations with vanishing flavor oscillations, marginally unstable configurations with evolution occurring on long time scales $\tau\approx\mu^{-1}\sqrt{N}$, and unstable configurations showing flavor evolution on short time scales $\tau\approx\mu^{-1}\log(N)$. We present evidence that these fast collective modes are generated by the same dynamical phase transition which leads to the slow bipolar oscillations, establishing a connection between these two phenomena and explaining the difference in their time scales. We conclude by discussing a semi-classical approximation which reproduces the entanglement entropy at short to medium time scales and can be potentially useful in situations with more complicated geometries where classical simulation methods starts to become inefficient

Improving Schrödinger Equation Implementations with Gray Code for Adiabatic Quantum Computers

We reformulate the continuous-space Schrödinger equation in terms of spin Hamiltonians. For the kinetic energy operator, the critical concept facilitating the reduction in model complexity is the idea of position encoding. A binary encoding of position produces a spin-1/2 Heisenberg-like model and yields exponential improvement in space complexity when compared to classical computing. Encoding with a binary reflected Gray code (BRGC), and a Hamming-distance-2 Gray code (H2GC) reduces the model complexity down to the XZ and transverse Ising model, respectively. For A qubits BRGC yields 2A positions and is reduced to its 2-local form with O(A) ancillary qubits. H2GC yields 2A/2+1 positions with O(A2) three-local penalty terms. We also identify the bijective mapping between diagonal unitaries and the Walsh series, producing the mapping of any real potential to a series of k-local Ising models through the fast Walsh transform. Finally, in a finite volume, we provide some numerical evidence to support the claim that the total time needed for adiabatic evolution is protected by the infrared cutoff of the system. As a result, initial state preparation from a free-field wave function to an interacting system is expected to exhibit polynomial time complexity with volume and constant scaling with respect to lattice discretization for all encodings. For H2GC, if the evolution starts with the transverse Hamiltonian due to hardware restrictions, then penalties are dynamically introduced such that the low-lying spectrum reproduces the energy levels of the Laplacian. The adiabatic evolution of the penalty Hamiltonian is therefore sensitive to the ultraviolet scale. It is expected to exhibit polynomial time complexity with lattice discretization, or exponential time complexity with respect to the number of qubits given a fixed volume

Ownership Acquisition, Chapter III

Since the 1990s, Albania has aimed to introduce democratic values into its legislation. This process can come to fruition only by the recognition and protection of private property. As a result, a new Civil Code was enacted at the beginning of the 1990s through intensive collaboration between Albanian and foreign scholars. Book II of the Albanian Civil Code of 1994 highlights the importance of private property. This book fills the gap in the national and international scientific literature since there is no scientific contribution written in English that examines the development of the Albanian law of property showing the similarities and differences between the Albanian and the Italian civil codes. Another novelty rests on its identification of the rules of the Albanian Civil Codes of 1929 and of 1982 that regulate the various legal institutional parts of the property law. Furthermore, this research summarizes the EU impact on Albanian property law by examining the differences between the legal institutions established at the supranational level such as Dir. 2014/60/EU, Dir. 2008/122/EC, Dir. 1346/2000/EC, and Reg. 2015/848 with the current Albanian system. In the conclusions, this research demonstrates that the Albanian law of property of 1994 is similar, sometimes identical, to the rules established in the Italian Civil Code of 1942

Transient QRS amplitude attenuation is associated with clinical recovery in patients with takotsubo cardiomyopathy

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Low voltage QRS complexes (LQRSV) and amplitude attenuation of QRS voltage (AAQRS) have been described in takotsubo (TC) patients, and postulated as valuable pre-angiographic markers. The aim of this observational study is to evaluate potential diagnostic and prognostic features of QRS amplitude in TC and acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients. METHODS: Fifty-eight patients with TC were matched with 58 patients with ACS according to age, gender, and presence or absence of ST elevation at hospital admission. A 12-lead ECG was recorded within 12h after symptoms onset, the day after coronary angiography (CA) and before hospital discharge. When available, ECGs prior and subsequent to the acute event were also collected. RESULTS: QRS amplitude showed a time related trend, with a first phase characterized by an initial decrease in amplitude in both groups and a second phase, with a progressive recovery of QRS amplitude in TC patients up to pre-event levels, while QRS amplitude in ACS patients remained substantially unchanged from admission onwards. Rise in AAQRS during hospitalization showed a positive linear association with systolic function recovery and both troponin I and CK-MB decrease (all p<0.01) in TC patients. A 20% increase of mean AAQRS from admission is able to predict LVEF recovery and troponin I and CK-MB normalization in TC patients with good sensitivity and specificity. CONCLUSIONS: LQRSV and AAQRS are not reliable in differentiating ACS from TC. However, QRS amplitude attenuation in TC is transient, and is linearly associated with systolic function recovery and cardiac biomarkers normalization

Human malignant mesothelioma is recapitulated in immunocompetent BALB/c mice injected with murine AB cells

Malignant Mesothelioma is a highly aggressive cancer, which is difficult to diagnose and treat. Here we describe the molecular, cellular and morphological characterization of a syngeneic system consisting of murine AB1, AB12 and AB22 mesothelioma cells injected in immunocompetent BALB/c mice, which allows the study of the interplay of tumor cells with the immune system. Murine mesothelioma cells, like human ones, respond to exogenous High Mobility Group Box 1 protein, a Damage-Associated Molecular Pattern that acts as a chemoattractant for leukocytes and as a proinflammatory mediator. The tumors derived from AB cells are morphologically and histologically similar to human MM tumors, and respond to treatments used for MM patients. Our system largely recapitulates human mesothelioma, and we advocate its use for the study of MM development and treatment